100 % love songs
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100% Love (2011)
Cast : Naga Chaitanya, Tamanna Bhatia
Director : Sukumar
Producer : Bunny Vasu
Music : Devi Sri Prasad
Cast : Naga Chaitanya, Tamanna Bhatia
Director : Sukumar
Producer : Bunny Vasu
Music : Devi Sri Prasad
.:: Tracklist ‘n’ Download Links ::.
Click below to Download all the songs (320 VBR – 64 MB)
OR
Click below to Download all the songs (128 kbps – 31 MB)
OR
Click on the song to Download (128 kbps)
04 – A Square B Square (Male)
Singers : Devi Sri Prasad
Lyrics : Shree Mani
Download Link : MU or MF or SS
Singers : Devi Sri Prasad
Lyrics : Shree Mani
Download Link : MU or MF or SS
PHYSICS UNIT-2....
UNIT-2
ELECTRON THEORY OF METALS
INTRODUCTION:
--------------------------
In metals the valence electrons are loosely bound to their individual atoms. They move
randomly in different directions and are called free electrons. Hence, the valence
electrons of the atoms become the conductors of electricity in metals and they are
known as conduction electrons
♣ The electron theory of solids explains the structure and properties of solids. The theory
is applicable to all solids (all metals and non metals). It explains the electrical, thermal
and magnetic properties of solids. The theory has been developed in three main stages.
♣ The Classical free electron theory: This theory developed by LORENTZ & DRUDE in
1900. According to this theory the free electrons of the metals obey the classical
mechanics.
♣ The Quantum free electron theory: SOMMERFELD developed this theory during
1928. According to this theory the free electrons obey quantum laws such that the
wave nature of electrons is taken into account.
♣The Band theory or Zone theory: In 1928 BLOCH started this theory in which
electrons move in a periodic field provided by the lattice. The concept of hole, origin of
band gap and effective mass of electrons are the special features of this band theory.
PROPERTIES OF THE METALS:
♣ Metals have high electrical conductivity σ.
♣ Metals obey ohms law i.e. the current flowing along a wire is proportional to the p.d
between the ends of the wire. V=iR
♣ If l is length and A is area of cross section of the wire then its resistance is given by
l
R = ρ Where ρ is called resistivity of the material.
A
♣ Ohm‟s law can also be expressed in terms of current density (J) and electric field
strength is given by J =σ E Where σ = is the conductivity
♣ Good electrical conductors are also good thermal conductors. According to
Wiedemann Franz law = constant
where K is thermal conductivity of the metal
CLASSICAL FREE ELECTRON THEORY: (or) Salient features of Classical freee
electron theory:
LORENTZ AND DRUDE Proposed a theory comparing the electrons with the
orientations of the gas molecules in space. So this is also known as free electron gas
model
Postulates:-
♣ The valence electron of atoms are free to
move in the metals like the gas molecules
in a container.
♣ In the absent of electric field the electrons
move randomly in all possible directions
and the net current is zero.
♣ While moving, the electrons suffer
collisions among themselves. All the
collisions are elastic.
♣ Between any two collisions, the electrons
move with uniform velocity.
♣ Applying kinetic theory to the electron gas, the root mean square velocity of the
electrons are given by Vrms= /,
♣ The electron speeds are distributed according to Maxwell Boltzmann distribution
law.
♣ The electrostatic force of attraction between positive ion cores and free electrons,
the electrostatic force of repulsion between the electrons is neglected.
♣ The free electrons are confined to the metal due to surface potential.
♣ In the presence of electric field, the free electrons are accelerated in a direction
opposite to the direction of the electric field
♣The electrons acquires velocity due to application of external electric field is known as
„drift velocity „ (V )
d
DERIVATION OF OHM’S LAW BASED ON FREE ELECTRON THEORY :-
♣ Suppose E is the potential difference applied across a conductor of length L and
cross sectional area „A‟
♣Let Vd is the average drift velocity and n is the electron density (no. of electrons per
unit volume).
♣Therfore current density J = -neVd -------->(1)
AMD vs INTEL processors....
>> Thursday, 24 February 2011
The central processing unit (CPU) is to computers what brain is to human beings. If the CPU does not function properly, a 22 inch LCD monitor would be absolutely futile. The point, therefore is that there is no use of 'beauty without brains'! Jokes apart, though, in computers, the processor is what you pay for the most, and then the other things follow suit. Talking of processors, Intel and AMD processors are the ones selling like hot cakes in the market. Which one is better, depends on what kind of a computer setup you are looking for. For now, lets take a look at AMD vs Intel Processors.
AMD vs Intel Processors Comparison
AMD vs Intel Processors Comparison
The Intel Story
Intel is undoubtedly the best processor on the face of this earth, I guess. You just cannot imagine a computer without an Intel processor! Although there were a few hiccups in between with the Pentium 4, the core series has got them back right on track. The latest chipset by Intel, the 'Xeon' is a dual core processor which boosts computer performance for business applications. If you purchase a P4 3.4 GHZ with HT Technology or a Xeon Processor you will spend between $4 and $1200 on an average. Intel, synonymous with processors, almost has a faster processor, which can handle much more. These processors have always been top notch, when it comes to main clock speed. Moreover, the need for a front side bus has been totally bypassed by Intel chips.
AMD Saga
Advanced Micro Devices' AMD Turion and Athlon are giving a tough fight to Intel. Starting off by making chips almost exactly like Intel's, later AMD started developing their own microprocessor chips. AMD processors have good power, if you are looking at gaming and stuff, but nothing more. However, AMD wins hands down when it comes to price in the battle of AMD vs Intel processors. Moreover, AMD has worked a lot on the power consumption and heating factor of its processors and AMD's Phenom is doing pretty well in the market.
AMD vs Intel Processors for Gaming
The cardinal question, when it comes to AMD vs Intel processors, is which one is good for gaming. Well, many a times, the gamers have given a nod to AMD processors. First things first, AMD is good when it comes to power, but that's that, for gaming. Yes, you save money and you can use the same to upgrade your system with a new graphics card and stuff. However, if you are not the kind who would be hooked on to games for ever, Intel is the way to go (It almost always is, isn't it?). If you are not a voracious gamer, Intel is the way to go. Even AMD's fastest chip, the Phenom X4 9950 (about $240), comes second when compared to equivalent systems packing a Core 2 Duo E8500 in dual-core friendly games. Eventually, it is up to you to decide who is the winner in AMD vs Intel processors based on what you want to do.
AMD vs Intel Processors Laptops
When you are looking at comparing the 2 processors for laptops, core clock speed is the first thing to consider. Intel is way ahead of AMD in that respect. When it comes to front side bus, which enhances the communication between multiple processing cores, Intel and AMD both are at par, nearly. Moving onto the features of lets say AMD Turion, it has several features in its dual core technology. To name a few, these are cool core and power now which work on the issues of increased power consumption and reduced generation of heat. Intel's Core 2 Duo and other high end processors are much more efficient and are faster, which works for laptop computers. This is one of the aspects when it comes to what to look for when buying a laptop.
Last but not the least, in the AMD vs Intel processors dilemma, is the heat generation factor and cost. It is better to fully inquire about how do both the processors deal with the problem, though both of them have improved greatly in this department. When it comes to price, AMD may have an advantage over Intel, as they are cheaper. Again it depends what is going to be the end usage, which one will be a preferred choice, with regards to AMD versus Intel chips comparison.
Some of the AMD vs Intel processors reviews may be a bit biased towards Intel, but that is crystal clear considering that Intel, by far, seems to be the best when it comes to processors, even if they are a bit expensive. You win some you lose some, right? Eventually it is not possible to write off either one in any department, unless you know what you want and what you are looking for, when it comes to AMD vs Intel processors. This is where I sign off!
BEST PROCESSORS FOR PC .....
AMD Athlon™ X2 Dual-Core Processors
Do more in less time with true multi-tasking
Increase your performance by up to 80% with the AMD Athlon™ X2 dual-core processor. Work or play with multiple programs without any stalling or waiting. Dual-core technology is like having two processors, and two working together is better and faster than one working alone......| AMD Athlon ™ 64 FX The first 64-bit PC processor, in a class by itself, designed specifically for cinematic computing. Only AMD64 technology runs today’s 32-bit and tomorrow’s 64-bit software. Enhanced Virus Protection for Windows® XP SP2 | AMD Sempron™ The AMD Sempron™ processor is designed to meet the evolving day-to-day needs of home and business PC users. This full-featured processor is designed to deliver best-in-class performance for today’s value-conscious buyers of desktop PCs. | |
| AMD Athlon™ 64 Maximize system efficiency and stay ahead of the curve with the technically superior PC processor, packed with advances such as HyperTransport™ technology, an integrated DDR memory controller, and Enhanced Virus Protection for Microsoft Windows XP SP2. Whether it is for business, school or play, with the AMD Athlon 64 processor, you can address your current and future computing needs. | AMD Athlon™ XP The AMD Athlon™ XP processor with QuantiSpeed™ architecture powers the next generation in computing platforms, delivering extra performance for cutting-edge applications and an extraordinary computing experience. The AMD Athlon XP processor is the latest member of the AMD Athlon family of processors designed to meet the computation-intensive requirements of cutting-edge software applications running on high-performance desktop systems. |
|
DESKTOP PROCESSORS
Keep pace with new trends in e-commerce, applications, and security with a processor from the 2nd generation Intel® Core™ processor family. These processors offer improved adaptive performance and built-in visual capabilities to bring more intelligent performance to your PC experience.
Intel® Core™ i7 Processor Extreme Edition >
2nd Generation Intel® Core™ i7 Processor >
2nd Generation Intel® Core™ i5 Processor >
2nd Generation Intel® Core™ i3 Processor >
2nd Generation Intel® Core™ i7 vPro™ Processor >
2nd Generation Intel® Core™ i5 vPro™ Processor >
Intel® Pentium® Processor >
Intel® Celeron® Processor >
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